Case Study Jobteaser Case Study: Scalable Public APIs with KrakenD

Document updated on Oct 23, 2023

Mutual Authentication

mTLS is an authentication mechanism used traditionally in business-to-business (B2B) applications where clients provide a certificate that allows to connect to the KrakenD server.

As KrakenD is a piece of software in the middle of two parts, there are different types of mTLS supported, that can work together or separately.

mtls.mmd diagram

  1. Service mTLS: When you require end-users to provide a certificate to connect to KrakenD.
  2. Client mTLS: When you require KrakenD to provide a certificate to connect to your services.

In both cases, the certificates must be recognized by your system’s Certification Authority (CA) or be added under the ca_certs list.

Service mTLS Configuration (End-user to gateway)

From the configuration file perspective, Mutual TLS Authentication is no more than a flag enable_mtls under the tls section.

When mTLS is enabled, all KrakenD endpoints require clients to provide a known client-side X.509 authentication certificate. KrakenD relies on the system’s CA to validate certificates.

To enable it you need a configuration like this:

{
    "version": 3,
    "tls": {
      "public_key": "/path/to/cert.pem",
      "private_key": "/path/to/key.pem",
      "enable_mtls": true,
       "ca_certs": [
            "./rootCA.pem"
        ]
    }
}

And these are the options you can include under tls:

Fields of TLS/SSL
* required fields

Minimum configuration needs any of: keys , or null object

ca_certs array
An array with all the CA certificates you would like to load to KrakenD when using mTLS, in addition to the certificates present in the system’s CA. Each certificate in the list is a relative or absolute path to the PEM file. If you have a format other than PEM, you must convert the certificate to PEM using a conversion tool. See also disable_system_ca_pool to avoid system’s CA.
Example: ["ca.pem"]
Defaults to []
cipher_suites array
The list of cipher suites as defined in the documentation.
Defaults to [4865,4866,4867]
curve_preferences array
The list of all the identifiers for the curve preferences. Use 23 for CurveP256, 24 for CurveP384 or 25 for CurveP521.
Defaults to [23,24,25]
disable_system_ca_pool boolean
Ignore any certificate in the system’s CA. The only certificates loaded will be the ones in the ca_certs list when true.
Defaults to false
disabled boolean
A flag to disable TLS (useful while in development).
Defaults to false
enable_mtls boolean
Whether to enable or not Mutual Authentication. When mTLS is enabled, all KrakenD endpoints require clients to provide a known client-side X.509 authentication certificate. KrakenD relies on the system’s CA to validate certificates.
Defaults to false
keys array
An array with all the key pairs you want the TLS to work with. You can support multiple and unrelated domains in a single process.
Each item is an object with the following properties:
private_key string
Absolute path to the private key, or relative to the current working directory.
Examples: "/path/to/key.pem" , "./certs/key.pem"
Defaults to "./certs/key.pem"
public_key string
Absolute path to the public key, or relative to the current working directory.
Examples: "/path/to/cert.pem" , "./certs/cert.pem"
Defaults to "./certs/cert.pem"
max_version
Maximum TLS version supported.
Possible values are: "SSL3.0" , "TLS10" , "TLS11" , "TLS12" , "TLS13"
Defaults to "TLS13"
min_version
Minimum TLS version supported. When specifiying very old and insecure versions under TLS12 you must provide the ciphers_list.
Possible values are: "SSL3.0" , "TLS10" , "TLS11" , "TLS12" , "TLS13"
Defaults to "TLS13"
private_key string Deprecated
Declaration of the private_key under the tls object is now deprecated. Please move this attribute inside the keys array.
public_key string Deprecated
Declaration of the public_key under the tls object is now deprecated. Please move this attribute inside the keys array.

Important: Connections not having a recognized certificate in KrakenD’s system CA, will be rejected. For further documentation on TLS, see the TLS documentation

Client mTLS Configuration (Gateway to service)

If you want that all connections to backends use mTLS, add the following configuration:

{
    "version": 3,
    "client_tls": {
        "client_certs": [
            {
                "certificate": "cert.pem",
                "private_key": "cert.key"
            }
        ]
    }
}
Fields of "client_tls"
* required fields

client_certs array
The list of all client certificates available when fetching data from the upstream service.
Each item is an object with the following properties:
certificate string
The path to the certificate you will use for mTLS connections.
private_key string
The path to the private key you will use for mTLS connections.

Per-backend mTLS

If instead of enabling mTLS against all backends, you can enable mTLS in a specific backend only. This option is available only in the Enterprise Edition

An example configuration would be:

{
  "endpoint": "/foo",
  "backend": [
    {
      "host": ["https://api-needing-mtls"],
      "url_pattern": "/foo",
      "extra_config": {
        "backend/http/client": {
          "client_tls": {
            "client_certs": [
              {
                "certificate": "cert.pem",
                "private_key": "cert.key"
              }
            ]
          }
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}

Configuration needed (Enterprise Edition only):

Fields of "client_tls"
* required fields

client_certs array
The list of all client certificates available when fetching data from the upstream service.
Each item is an object with the following properties:
certificate string
The path to the certificate you will use for mTLS connections.
private_key string
The path to the private key you will use for mTLS connections.

This is the schema needed for client mTLS, but the HTTP Client settings have many other options not related to mTLS.

mTLS example

To use mTLS you need to generate the client and server certificates. The following script example creates the needed files to enable mTLS. Notice that in the CN of the certificates we are adding localhost as we want to connect to KrakenD from and to localhost.

# Private key for the certificate authority
openssl genrsa -des3 -out rootCA.protected.key 2048
openssl rsa -in rootCA.protected.key -out rootCA.key
# Generate the CA
openssl req -x509 -new -nodes -key rootCA.key -sha256 -days 1024 -out rootCA.pem -subj "/C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/O=Your Organization/OU=Your Unit/CN=example.com"
# Generate a key for the client certificate
openssl genrsa -out client.key 2048
# Generate the certificate request for the client
openssl req -new -key client.key -out client.csr -subj "/C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/O=Your Organization/OU=Your Unit/CN=localhost"
# Sign the certificate request for the client
openssl x509 -req -in client.csr -extensions client -CA rootCA.pem -CAkey rootCA.key -CAcreateserial -out client.crt -days 500 -sha256

# Generate a key for the server certificate
openssl genrsa -out server.key 2048
# Generate the certificate request for the server
openssl req -new -key server.key -out server.csr -subj "/C=US/ST=California/L=Mountain View/O=Your Organization/OU=Your Unit/CN=localhost"
# Sign the certificate request for the server
openssl x509 -req -in server.csr -extensions server -CA rootCA.pem -CAkey rootCA.key -CAcreateserial -out server.crt -days 500 -sha256

The KrakenD configuration needed is as follows (no endpoints used for this demo):

{
    "version": 3,
    "$schema": "https://www.krakend.io/schema/v2.7/krakend.json",
    "port": 443,
    "tls": {
        "public_key": "./server.crt",
        "private_key": "./server.key",
        "enable_mtls": true,
        "ca_certs": [
            "./rootCA.pem"
        ],
        "disable_system_ca_pool": true
    }
}

At this moment KrakenD accepts only clients passing a valid certificate. Let’s connect to the /__health endpoint:

Connect using mTLS 

$curl \
  --cacert rootCA.pem \
  --key client.key \
  --cert client.crt \
  https://localhost/__health
{"agents":{},"now":"2022-11-07 11:43:53.444657401 +0000 UTC m=+25.777003978","status":"ok"}

If we don’t provide the valid certs we get an error instead:

Connect without valid certs 

$curl -k https://localhost/__health
curl: (56) OpenSSL SSL_read: error:14094412:SSL routines:ssl3_read_bytes:sslv3 alert bad certificate, errno 0
Scarf

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